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Cover design: Studio Bens, with a photograph by David Kishik, reflected in Scott Lyall’s , courtesy of the artist and Miguel Abreu Gallery
Cover design: Studio Bens, with a photograph by David Kishik, reflected in Scott Lyall’s Talent, courtesy of the artist and Miguel Abreu Gallery

Notes

  1. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). Jean Laplanche, “Time and the Other,” in Laplanche, Essays on Otherness (London: Routledge, 1999). Rainer Maria Rilke and Lou Andreas-Salomé, Rilke and Andreas-Salomé: A Love Story in Letters (New York: Norton, 2008). Lionel Ziprin, Songs for Schizoid Siblings (New York: The Song Cave, 2017). ↵
  2. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self (New York: Vintage, 1990). Edward McGushin, Foucault’s Askesis: An Introduction to the Philosophical Life (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2007). Augustine, Confessions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). Michel de Montaigne, “Experience,” in Montaigne, Selected Essays (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2012). ↵
  3. René Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2010). Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo (New York: Vintage, 2010). Hannah Arendt, Love and Saint Augustine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014). ↵
  4. Hans Blumenberg, Shipwreck with Spectator: Paradigm of a Metaphor for Existence (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013). Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar,” in Emerson, The Essential Writings (New York: Modern Library, 2000). Stanley Cavell, Little Did I Know: Excerpts from Memory (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010). ↵
  5. Michel Foucault, “The Hermeneutics of the Subject,” in Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (New York: New Press, 1997). Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (London: Verso, 2005). Roland Barthes, Roland Barthes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). ↵
  6. Ludwig Binswanger, “The Case of Lola Voss,” in Being-in-the-World: Selected Papers of Ludwig Binswanger (New York: Basic Books, 1963). Donald W. Winnicott, “Ego Integration and Child Development,” in Winnicott, The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018). R. D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness (London: Penguin, 2010). ↵
  7. Yedioth Ahronoth, 4 February 1969. Davar, 5 February 1969. Sara Ahmed, Living a Feminist Life (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017). ↵
  8. Yiyun Li, Dear Friend, from My Life I Write to You in Your Life (London: Penguin, 2018). Michel Foucault, Subjectivity and Truth: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1980–1981 (London: Palgrave, 2016). ↵
  9. Roy Ben-Shai, private communication. Lauren Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012). ↵
  10. Originally published as: Wittgenstein’s Form of Life (London: Continuum, 2008), The Power of Life: Agamben and the Coming Politics (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), The Manhattan Project: A Theory of a City (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), The Book of Shem: On Genesis Before Abraham (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). Wittgenstein, Culture and Value. ↵
  11. Paul B. Preciado, Testo Junkie: Sex, Drugs, and Biopolitics in the Pharmacopornographic Era (New York: The Feminist Press, 2013). Laing, The Divided Self. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals. ↵
  12. Eugen Bleuler, Dementia Praecox; or, The Group of Schizophrenias (New York: International Universities Press, 1950). Franz Kafka, “The Burrow,” in Kafka, The Complete Stories (New York: Schocken, 1946). Franz Kafka, The Blue Octavo Notebooks (Cambridge, MA: Exact Change, 1991). ↵
  13. Laing, The Divided Self. György Lukács, Soul & Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010). ↵
  14. Herman Melville, “Bartleby the Scrivener,” in Melville, Billy Budd, Sailor, and Other Stories (London: Penguin, 1985). Arthur Schopenhauer, “Similes, Parables, and Fables,” in Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena (Oxford: Clarendon, 2010). ↵
  15. Donald W. Winnicott, “Communicating and Not Communicating,” in The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott, 12 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), vi: 1960–63. Ernst Kretschmer, Physique and Character (London: Routledge, 1999). ↵
  16. Harry Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena, Object Relations and the Self (London: Routledge, 1992). W. R. D. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality (London: Routledge, 1952). ↵
  17. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Jean-Paul Sartre, No Exit (New York: Vintage, 1989). ↵
  18. Harry Guntrip, Personal Relations Therapy (London: Aronson, 1994). ↵
  19. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies. ↵
  20. Slavoj Žižek, How to Read Lacan (New York: Norton, 2007). James Baldwin, “Letter from a Region of My Mind,” in Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Penguin, 1990). Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982). ↵
  21. Edward S. Casey, “Being on Edge and Falling Apart,” in Casey, The World on Edge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017). Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies. ↵
  22. Olivia Laing, The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone (New York: Picador, 2016). Guntrip, Personal Relations Therapy. ↵
  23. Søren Kierkegaard, Papers and Journals (London: Penguin, 2015). ↵
  24. Søren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Irony (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). ↵
  25. Epictetus, Discourses, Fragments, Handbook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). Gilles Deleuze, The Logic of Sense (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989). Nancy Sherman, Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy Behind the Military Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Marcus Aurelius, Meditations (New York: Random House, 2003). The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia, ed. by Brad Inwood and Lloyd Gerson (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2008). ↵
  26. Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980). G. W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977). Blaise Pascal, Pensées (London: Penguin, 1995). ↵
  27. Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals. ↵
  28. Kishik, The Power of Life. ↵
  29. Adrian Piper, “Food for the Spirit (1971),” in Piper, Out of Order, Out of Sight (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996). Lauren Fournier, Autotheory as Feminist Practice in Art, Writing, and Criticism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021). ↵
  30. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. ↵
  31. Kishik, The Manhattan Project. ↵
  32. Simone Weil, First and Last Notebooks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970). Kishik, The Book of Shem. ↵
  33. Giorgio Agamben, The Use of Bodies (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016). Giorgio Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012). Giorgio Agamben, Infancy and History: The Destruction of Experience (London: Verso, 2007). William Watkin, Agamben and Indifference (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014). ↵
  34. Louis Sass, “Deep Disquietudes: Reflections on Wittgenstein as Antiphilosopher,” in Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy, ed. by James C. Klagge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ludwig Wittgenstein, Private Notebooks: 1914–1916 (New York: Liveright, 2022). On Fairbairn’s moral defense, see entry 20. ↵
  35. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (London: Continuum, 1983). Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Donald W. Winnicott, “The Theory of the Parent-Infant Relationship,” in Winnicott, The Maturational Processes. Jay Greenberg and Stephen Mitchell, Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983). ↵
  36. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Greenberg and Mitchell, Object Relations. ↵
  37. W. R. D. Fairbairn, “Synopsis of an Object-Relations Theory of the Personality,” The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 44.2 (1963). ↵
  38. Greenberg and Mitchell, Object Relations. ↵
  39. Agamben, Infancy and History. Donald Winnicott, “Fear of Breakdown,” International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1.1–2 (1974). ↵
  40. Winnicott, “Fear of Breakdown.” Giorgio Agamben, Stanzas: Word and Phantasm in Western Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993). ↵
  41. Winnicott, “Communicating and Not Communicating.” Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Robert Stolorow, Faces in a Cloud: Intersubjectivity in Personality Theory (Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1993). ↵
  42. On Fairbairn’s moral defense, see entry 20. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. ↵
  43. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Pascal, Pensées. ↵
  44. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. ↵
  45. Roy Ben-Shai, Moral Pathology (unpublished dissertation, 2011). ↵
  46. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (London: Pluto Press, 1986). ↵
  47. Aristotle, The Politics, in The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941). Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (London: Penguin, 2017). ↵
  48. Steven DeCaroli, “The Idea of Awakening: Giorgio Agamben and the Nagarjuna,” Res Publica, 28 (2012). Giorgio Agamben, The Idea of Prose (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995). ↵
  49. Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Whitman, Poetry and Prose, ed. by Justin Kaplan (New York: Library of America, 1982). ↵
  50. Li, Dear Friend. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004). Judith Halberstam, “The Anti-Social Turn in Queer Studies,” Graduate Journal of Social Science, 5.2 (2008). Mari Ruti, The Ethics of Opting Out: Queer Theory’s Defiant Subjects (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017). Frank B. Wilderson, Afropessimism (New York: Liverlight, 2020). ↵
  51. Jean-Luc Nancy, “Abandoned Being,” in Nancy, The Birth to Presence (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009). Giorgio Agamben, The Use of Bodies. ↵
  52. Giorgio Agamben, “On the Uses and Disadvantages of Living among Specters,” in Agamben, Nudities (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010). ↵
  53. Laing, The Divided Self. ↵
  54. Giorgio Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive (New York: Zone Books, 2000). Melanie Klein, “Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 27 (1946). ↵
  55. Yossi Triest, “Corona-Time Notes: The Virus of Horror,” The Tavistock Institute, March 2020 <https://tavinstitute.org/projects/corona-time-notes-the-virus-of-horror> [accessed 2 October 2022]. Kishik, The Manhattan Project. Giorgio Agamben, “Biosecurity and Politics,” in Agamben, Where Are We Now? (London: ERIS, 2021). ↵
  56. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, What Is Philosophy? (London: Verso, 2015). Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus. ↵
  57. Sylvère Lotringer and David Morris, Schizo-Culture (Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e), 2014). Louis Sass, The Paradoxes of Delusion: Wittgenstein, Schreber, and the Schizophrenic Mind (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). ↵
  58. Louis Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). Nancy McWilliams, “Some Thoughts about Schizoid Dynamics,” The Psychoanalytic Review, 93.1 (2006). Nancy McWilliams, “Schizoid Personality,” in McWilliams, Psychoanalytic Diagnosis (New York: Guilford Press, 2011). ↵
  59. Sass, “Deep Disquietudes.” ↵
  60. Yoel Hoffmann, The Idea of Self, East and West: A Comparison between Buddhist Philosophy and the Philosophy of David Hume (Calcutta: K.L.M, 1980). ↵
  61. George Devereux, Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). ↵
  62. Peter Sloterdijk, In the World Interior of Capital: For a Philosophical Theory of Globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2014). Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle (New York: Zone Books, 2012). ↵
  63. Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind, 59 (October 1950). Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2017). ↵
  64. Weil, First and Last Notebooks. Karen Horney, “Resignation: the Appeal of Freedom,” in Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization (New York: Norton, 1950). David Foster Wallace, “E Unibus Pluram,” in Wallace, A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997). ↵
  65. Amba Azaad, “The Malignant Melancholy,” The New Inquiry, 29 January 2018 <https://thenewinquiry.com/the-malignant-melancholy> [accessed 29 September 2022]. ↵
  66. Emanuele Coccia, “Reversing the New Global Monasticism,” Fall Semester, 21 April 2020 <https://fallsemester.org/2020-1/2020/4/17/emanuele-coccia-escaping-the-global-monasticism> [accessed 22 July 2022]. ↵
  67. Foucault, “The Hermeneutics of the Subject.” Michel Foucault, The Government of Self and Others: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1982–1983 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). ↵
  68. Claire Bishop, Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship (London: Verso, 2012). ↵
  69. Natasha Stagg, Sleeveless: Fashion, Image, Media, New York 2011–2019 (Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e), 2017). Mami Suwa and Kunifumi Suzuki, “The Phenomenon of ‘Hikikomori’ (Social Withdrawal) and the Socio-cultural Situation in Japan Today,” Journal of Psychopathology, 19 (2013). ↵
  70. Paul B. Preciado, Pornotopia: An Essay on Playboy’s Architecture and Biopolitics (New York: Zone Books, 2014). Paul B. Preciado, “Learning from the Virus,” Artforum, May/June 2020. ↵
  71. Karl Ove Knausgård, My Struggle: Book Six (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018). ↵
  72. Nicholas Dames, “The New Fiction of Solitude,” The Atlantic, April 2016. David Hume, The Private Correspondence of David Hume (London: Henry Colburn, 1820). ↵
  73. Kishik, The Manhattan Project. ↵
  74. Donald Winnicott, “Creativity and its Origins,” in Winnicott, Playing and Reality (New York: Routledge, 2005). ↵
  75. Daniel Heller-Roazen, The Inner Touch: Archaeology of a Sensation (New York: Zone Books, 2007). Oliver Sacks, “The Disembodied Lady,” in Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (London: Picador, 2015). Giorgio Agamben, “The Friend,” in Agamben, What Is an Apparatus? and Other Essays (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009). ↵
  76. Jeffrey Seinfeld, The Empty Core: An Object Relations Approach to the Psychotherapy of the Schizoid Personality (Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1991). ↵
  77. Jacques Lacan, The Object Relation: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book iv (Cambridge: Polity, 2021). ↵
  78. Jacques-Alain Miller, “A Fantasy,” Lacanian Praxis, 1.11 (2005). Franz Kafka, The Complete Novels: The Trial, America, the Castle (London: Vintage, 2008). Lacan, The Object Relation. ↵
  79. Pascal, Pensées. Lacan, The Object Relation. ↵
  80. Lacan, The Object Relation. Jessica Benjamin, Beyond Doer and Done to: Recognition Theory, Intersubjectivity and the Third (London: Routledge, 2017). ↵
  81. Donald Winnicott, “The Use of an Object and Relating through Identification,” in Winnicott, Playing and Reality. ↵
  82. Donald Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena,” in Winnicott, Playing and Reality. Lacan, The Object Relation. ↵
  83. Ludwig Bolk, “On the Problem of Anthropogenesis,” Proceedings of the Royal Academy, Amsterdam, 29 (1926). Giorgio Agamben, “What is an Act of Creation,” in Agamben, The Fire and the Tale (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017). Winnicott, “Creativity and its Origins.” ↵
  84. Lacan, The Object Relation. ↵
  85. Jeffery M. Masson, “Freud and the Seduction Theory,” The Atlantic, February 1984. Jean Laplanche, “The Unfinished Copernican Revolution,” in Laplanche, Essays on Otherness. ↵
  86. Salvador Dalí, Madonna, 1958, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ↵
  87. R. D. Laing, Knots (New York: Pantheon, 1970). ↵
  88. Richard Avedon and James Baldwin, Nothing Personal (New York: Atheneum, 1964). Plato, Alcibiades, in Plato: Complete Works (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997). ↵
  89. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Augustine, Confessions. ↵
  90. Kishik, The Book of Shem. Augustine, Confessions. Arendt, Love and Saint Augustine. ↵
  91. Laing, Knots. ↵
  92. Sigmund Freud, “The Neuro-Psychoses of Defence,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 vols (London: Hogarth, 1953–74), iii: Early Psychoanalytic Publications (1893–1899) (1962). Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies. Maggie Nelson, Bluets (Seattle, WA: Wave Books, 2009). ↵
  93. Chris Kraus, I Love Dick (Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e), 1997). Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Epipsychidion,” in Shelley, The Complete Poems (New York: Random House, 2013). ↵
  94. Serge Doubrovsky, Fils (Paris: Librairie générale française, 1977). Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (New York: Vintage Books, 1961). Max Cavitch, “Everybody’s Autotheory,” Modern Language Quarterly, 83.1 (March 2022). ↵
  95. Donald Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (London: Penguin, 1973). Lauren Oyler, “For Goodness’ Sake: The Self-Conscious Drama of Morality in Contemporary Fiction,” Bookforum, Summer 2020. ↵
  96. Netta Yerushalmy, interview by Jack Halberstam, BOMB Magazine, 151 (Spring 2020). ↵
  97. Hannah Arendt, The Life of the Mind: Thinking (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1981). Augustine, The Retractions (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1999). Nietzsche, Ecce Homo. ↵
  98. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1995). ↵
  99. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. ↵
  100. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies. Dore Ashton, A Joseph Cornell Album (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2002). Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals. ↵
  101. Kishik, Wittgenstein’s Form of Life. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1998). Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997). Kishik, The Power of Life. ↵
  102. Giorgio Agamben, The Omnibus Homo Sacer (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017). Kishik, The Manhattan Project. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999). ↵
  103. Kishik, The Book of Shem. ↵
  104. Kishik, The Book of Shem. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, “Loneliness,” Psychiatry, 22.1 (February 1959). Thomas Wolfe, “The Anatomy of Loneliness,” in The Complete Short Stories of Thomas Wolfe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989). Baruch Spinoza, Ethics (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1992). Moshe Sakal, “De Beauvoir and Sartre on the Kibbutz,” World Literature Today, 92.4 (July 2018). Maggie Nelson, The Argonauts (Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf, 2016). ↵
  105. Lee Edelman, No Future (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004). Walter Benjamin, “On the Concept of History,” in Benjamin, Selected Writings, 4 vols (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1996–2003), iv: 1938–1940 (2003). Donald Winnicott, “From Dependence Towards Independence in the Development of the Individual,” in Winnicott, The Collected Works, vi. ↵
  106. Karl Ove Knausgård, My Struggle: Book Two (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013). Kraus, I Love Dick. Nelson, The Argonauts. Sheila Heti, Motherhood (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2019). Ben Lerner, 10:04 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014). Annie Ernaux, Happening (New York: Seven Stories, 2001). ↵
  107. H. Gareth Gavin, Never Was (Cambridge: Cipher Press, 2023). Peter Sloterdijk, “Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the Letter of Humanism,” Environment and Planning: Society and Space, 27.1 (2009). Jacques Derrida, The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). ↵
  108. Heti, Motherhood. Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy. ↵
  109. Kishik, The Book of Shem. Heti, Motherhood. ↵
  110. Fairbairn, Psychoanalytic Studies. ↵
  111. J. M. Coetzee, Disgrace (London: Vintage, 1999). Giorgio Agamben, What Is an Apparatus? ↵
  112. Joakim Garff, Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007). Heti, Motherhood. Sigmund Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” in Freud, On Murder, Mourning, and Melancholia (London: Penguin, 2005). ↵
  113. Jean Laplanche, “Foundations: Towards a General Theory of Seduction,” in Laplanche, New Foundations for Psychoanalysis (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). ↵
  114. Wittgenstein, Culture and Value. ↵
  115. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Twilight of the Idols, in The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Penguin, 1976). ↵
  116. Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena. Proverbs 14.33. Talmud, Bava Metzia, 85b.2. ↵
  117. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, The Sorrows of Young Werther (New York: Modern Library, 2004). Thomas Mann, “Tonio Kröger,” in Mann, Death in Venice and Other Tales (New York: Viking, 1998). Rainer Maria Rilke, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive, 2008). Ben Lerner, Leaving the Atocha Station (Minneapolis, IN: Coffee House Press, 2011). Sheila Heti, How Should a Person Be? (New York: Picador, 2013). Karl Ove Knausgård, My Struggle: Book Five (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016). Franz Kafka, Letters to Friends, Family, and Editors (New York: Schocken, 1977). ↵
  118. Gil Anidjar, private communication. William Shakespeare, Hamlet (New York: Norton, 2019). ↵
  119. Giorgio Agamben, When the House Burns Down (London: Seagull, 2022). Yu-jin Chang, private communication. ↵
  120. Winnicott, “Communicating and Not Communicating.” ↵
  121. Please visit <https://formoflife.net>. ↵
  122. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2010). Alex Dubilet, The Self-Emptying Subject: Kenosis and Immanence, Medieval to Modern (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018). Hoffmann, The Idea of Self, East and West. Joan Didion, The Year of Magical Thinking (New York: Vintage, 2007). Giorgio Agamben, Autoritratto Nello Studio (Milano: Nottetempo, 2017), to which this self study serves as homage. ↵

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